A: E Explanation Fund-raiser's conclusion: Most charities could probably increase the amount of money they raise through donations by giving donors the right to vote on its policies. Fund-raiser's evidence: 1. A charitable organization rarely gives its donors the right to vote on its policies. 2. The inability to directly influence how charities spend contributions makes potential donors feel less of an emotional connection to the charity. Per (2), the inability of a donor to influence a charity's policies diminishes the emotional connection to that charity. The fund-raiser argues that by empowering donors to influence policies, most charities could probably increase the amount of money they raise. For that conclusion to be valid, it has to be established that the result of greater influence—a stronger emotional connection—"can affect the amount of money that charity raises through donations." Choice E points to this assumption, so it is the correct answer.

A: E Explanation Psychologist's conclusion: Psychotherapists should never provide psychotherapy on talk shows. Psychologist's evidence: 1. Psychotherapists who attempt to provide psychotherapy on radio or television talk shows are expected to do so in ways that entertain a broad audience. 2. Satisfying this demand is nearly always incompatible with providing high-quality psychological help. In order to make the causal link between (2) and the conclusion, the argument assumes that psychotherapy should never be practiced if the psychological help it provides will not be of high quality. The answer will state a principle that affirms this assumption. Choice E: Since psychotherapists should never attempt therapy that is unlikely to be of high quality, we can properly conclude, per (2), that psychotherapists should never provide psychotherapy on talk shows. Choice E is correct.

A: B Explanation Conclusion: A person is not always morally blameworthy for feeling certain emotions. Evidence: 1. People are only responsible for what is under their control. 2. Whether someone feels an emotion is not always under his or her control. The author assumes that there is a connection between being morally blameworthy for something and being responsible for it. Choice B: (1) and (2) tell us that people are not always responsible for their emotions. Per the contrapositive of this choice, if a person is not responsible for something, then they are not morally blameworthy. Thus, we can properly conclude that people are not always blameworthy for their emotions. Choice B is correct.

A: If you don't agree to sign the labor agreement, we'll fire you.

A: Using hairspray is causing a hole in the ozone layer.

A: Beth must be an excellent chef. She graduated from Le Cordon Bleu.